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              <text>Porfirio Pardal Monteiro was born in Pêro Pinheiro, on February 16, 1897. Son of Pedro Manuel Pardal Monteiro and Mariana Gertrudes, his masons ancestors are essential to understand the solidity of his works. Choosing not to follow the family business, leaving it to his brothers, in 1910 he entered the Escola de Belas Artes, in Lisboa. Attending first the general bachelor, he then initiated, in 1912, the bachelor’s in architecture. He was a colleague of Luís Cristino da Silva and Cottinelli Telmo. In the years at Belas Artes he also practiced in the Ventura Terra Atlier, a great influence in his formation. With him, he began to share a rational and functional way of designing. At the end of the bachelor, in 1919, Porfirio Pardal Monteiro continued to work with the modernist architect. In the same year he married Maria Luísa Vasques Kopke Correia Pinto.&#13;
&#13;
His early works, in the 1920s, are marked by the architectonic eclecticism distinctly defined in his formation. He projected the buildings of the Caixa Geral de Depósitos agencies, in Lisboa (1921), Setúbal (1924) and Porto (1923-1928), the building no. 49 in República Avenue (1920-1923), the Adventist Temple (1923-1924), the Instituto Superior Técnico (1927-1935), here inaugurating his intervention in Public Works and an important friendship with the Engineer Duarte Pacheco, a house on 5 de Outubro Avenue (1926) and the Cais do Sodré Railway Station (1925-1928),influenced by Arts Decó. Common to these works is undoubtedly the search for modernity, throughout the use of materials such as steel, concrete and glass. In the 1930s, his mark was visible in the Ford Lusitana (1930-1932), the Instituto Nacional de Estatística (1931), the Olivais Seminary (1932), the Church of Nossa Senhora de Fátima (1934-1938), the sea ports of Alcântara and Rocha do Conde de Óbidos (1934-1945) and in the headquarters of the Diário de Notícias journal (1936-1940). These works are the reflection of the modernism that, in Pardal Monteiro, reached the peak in this decade. After an interregnum in the 1940s, Porfirio Pardal Monteiro returned in the 1950s with the projects of the Ritz Hotel (1952-1959), the Cidade Universitária (1952-1967) and the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (1949-1952), inserted in what became known as the International Modern Movement. His last work would be one of the most important, the National Library of Portugal (1964-1969).&#13;
&#13;
Outside of architectural scope, Porfirio Pardal Monteiro also accumulated positions in the Superior Council of Public Works, the Superior Council of Fine Arts, the National Board of Education and the National Academy of Fine Arts. He was also President of the National Society of Architects between 1936 and 1944. He has awarded with several prizes, including five Valmor awards, an honorable mention Valmor and a Municipal Prize. He also held a position as a professor in Civil Architecture at Instituto Superior Técnico, where he was later appointed Full Professor in 1944, and at the Lisbon School of Belas Artes in 1933, where he would teach for only two years of his own free will. His professional career was marked by his projective and educational activity, but also by the defence of the Architect role. In 1956 he suffered the first of at least two strokes. Unable to work and plunged into depression, he ended his life on December 16, 1957.</text>
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              <text>PACHECO, A. (1997). O espírito clássico de um arquitecto moderno. &lt;em&gt;Jornal de Letras, Artes e Ideias&lt;/em&gt;, Nº687, pp. 24-25.</text>
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              <text>SILVA, F. (2014).&lt;em&gt; Entre o compromisso e a inovação, O percurso de Porfírio Pardal Monteiro&lt;/em&gt;. Master Thesis. Faculdade de Arquitetura e Artes da Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa.</text>
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              <text>CASTILHO, J. (2010). &lt;em&gt;Os Procuradores da Câmara Corporativa 1935-1974, Porfírio Pardal Monteiro&lt;/em&gt; [online] App.parlamento.pt. Available at: http://app.parlamento.pt/PublicacoesOnLine/OsProcuradoresdaCamaraCorporativa/html/pdf/m/monteiro_porfirio_pardal.pdf [Accessed 8 Jul. 2019]</text>
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                    <text>Felino, A. (2008).&lt;em&gt; Os cinemas em Portugal: A interpretação de um arquitecto: Raul Rodrigues Lima&lt;/em&gt;. Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, p. 11.</text>
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              <text>Raúl Rodrigues Lima was born on February 12, 1909, in Lisbon. In contact with the master José Luís Monteiro, he graduated architecture from the Escola de Belas Artes, in Lisboa. After graduation, he began his internship at the Porfírio Pardal Monteiro Atelier. He began the contact with the first modernism that was then spreading in the Portuguese architecture. With Pardal Monteiro he collaborated in the projects of the Instituto Superior Técnico and of the Igreja de Nossa Senhora de Fátima, also revealing a modernism very connected to the decorative arts, but increasingly disconnected from the past. In 1938, Rodrigues Lima was invited to elaborate a project for a cinema to build in Vasco da Gama Street, in front of Largo de Santos, the Cinearte.&#13;
&#13;
Thus, the cinemas would be one of the spaces on which he would intervene the most. He was in charge of the Império cinema, in Lagos (1943-1946), the Avenida cinema, in Aveiro (1945-1949), the Monumental cinema, in Lisbon (1944-1951), the Ruacaná cinema, in Angola (1944-1951), the Micaelense cinema, in Ponta Delgada (1947-1951), the Cineteatro de Estarreja, in Estarreja (1947-1951), the Covilhanense cinema, in Covilhã (1940s, 1950s) and the Messias theater in Mealhada (1950s). It’s already in the 1960s that Rodrigues Lima, in an initial partnership with the architect Antero Ferreira, designs a new cinema for the neighborhood of Campo de Ourique in Lisbon. Coming to replace the old 1930s Europa cinema, by the architect Raul Martins, the new Europa constitutes one of the last large rooms built exclusively for cinema. Another favourite area of Rodrigues Lima was the court rooms, having designed the Palácio de Justiça of Porto in 1961, the Palácio de Justiça of Aveiro in 1962, the Palácio de Justiça of Póvoa de Varzim, in 1965, among others, in Vila Real, Beja, Mangualde and Figueira da Foz. Finally, the last of spaces where Rodrigues Lima’s mark is visible is in prisons. He was responsible for the prisons of Pinheiro da Cruz, Alcoentre, Vila da Feira, Caxias and Soure.&#13;
&#13;
He designed other projects, namely for the Portuguese World Exhibition in 1940. He designed the fishing district in Ericeira and a building on Avenida Sidónio Pais, which earned him the Valmor Prize in 1943. Raúl Rodrigues Lima died in Lisbon, on March 3, 1980.</text>
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              <text>FELINO, Ana (2008). &lt;em&gt;O cinema em Portugal, A interpretação de um arquitecto, Raul Rodrigues Lima&lt;/em&gt;. Master Thesis. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.</text>
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              <text>Jorge de Almeida Segurado was born on October 15, 1898, in Lisbon. He was the son of the engineer João Emílio Segurado. He entered the Pedro Nunes Highschool in Lisbon, in 1913. In 1918 he entered the Escola de Belas Artes, in Lisbon, beginning with a preparatory course and then a degree in architecture, which ended in 1924. He was a disciple of José Luís Monteiro, Raúl Lino and Tertuliano de Lacerda Marques, having even worked in the studio of this last one. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He began his professional career by being involved in the construction of Caixa Geral de Depósitos, alongside Porfírio Pardal Monteiro. Between 1929 and 1931 he designed with Carlos Ramos and Adelino Nunes the Júlio Henriques Highschool, in Coimbra. He made an interregnum in his professional action to know Europe and the international architecture. In this context, he was present at the International Colonial Exposition in Paris, in 1931. Upon returning to Portugal, between 1932 and 1941 he designed two buildings that would stand out, especially since they marked the introduction of modernism in Portuguese architecture, the D. Filipa de Lencastre Highschool and the Casa da Moeda building, in collaboration with António Varela. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A more conservative period followed, preserving an historical atmosphere to the portuguese architecture, visible, for example, in the Santa Doroteia Private School, designed between 1935 and 1957, and at the Santa Luzia Hotel, between 1947 and 1956. The 1950s and 1960 marked his return to the school of modernism. This period was, in fact, the conciliation between the two previous ones. This reality is evident in the Chapel of St. Gabriel in Torres Novas in 1951, the "Blocos Amarelos" in Lisbon between 1954 and 1963 and in collaboration with his son João Carlos Segurado, Pousada de Sagres in 1960 and the National Agronomic Station in 1963. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to his contributions as an architect, winning a Valmor Prize in 1947 and two decorations, Officer of the Military Order of Sant'Iago da Espada and Commander of the Military Order of Christ, Jorge Segurado was also an innovator in the research field, having worked in the area of history, art and Portuguese architecture. Thus, the 1970s and 1980s are marked by the works &lt;em&gt;Francisco d'Ollanda&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Mário Eloy&lt;/em&gt; or even &lt;em&gt;Tentações de Sábio Computador&lt;/em&gt;. Jorge de Almeida Segurado died on November 9, 1990, in Lisbon.</text>
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              <text>António de Brito Macieira Lino da Silva was born on May 17, 1909, in Lisbon. He entered the Escola de Belas Artes, in Lisbon, graduating in architecture in 1936. He worked closely with Luís Cristino da Silva. With him he prepared some studies on the surrounding area of the Assembleia da República, between 1933 and 1940.&#13;
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                    <text>Prates, N. (2016). Crónicas do outeiro: Raul Lino – O arquiteto da Casa dos Patudos. Alpiarcense Journal, [online]. Available at: https://www.alpiarcense.com/cronicas-do-outeiro-raul-lino-o-arquiteto-da-casa-dos-patudos/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2019]</text>
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              <text>Raúl Lino da Silva&amp;nbsp;was born on November 21, 1879, son of José Lino da Silva, a construction materials seller. He grew up between Lisbon and São Pedro de Sintra. At the age of 11, he went with his family to England, joining a catholic school outside Windsor, the St. James Roman Catholic School. In England he contacted with landscapes, architectures and interiors from the &lt;em&gt;Arts and Crafts&lt;/em&gt;, an artistic, catholic and medievalist chain, which was affirmed in England in the late twentieth century by names like John Ruskin and William Morris. The presence in British land between 1890 and 1893 was essential to his growth as an observer of the space and to his educational values, especially the respects for others. In 1893, at the age of 13, he went with his father to Hanover, Germany, to learn the language and take a degree in architecture. José Lino enrolled his son at the Technical Institute of Hannover (&lt;em&gt;Technische Hochschule&lt;/em&gt;), a suggestion given not only from Joaquim Bensaúde, but also from Antero de Quental, both friends of his father. Here he continued to nourish a chain of medieval revivalism, under the umbrella of Albrecht Haupt, his master, a trend that was consequently beginning to raise nationalisms across the continent. Lino was in Germany until 1897, year that marked his return to Portugal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Raul Lino came to a country full of restlessness and agitation. The solution for the recent trained architect was to get to know his country better, taking a trip around the country and registering the different cultures and local realities. Between 1898 and 1900 this was the occupation of Lino. The first year of the new century marks the beginning of an intellectual dispute between him and the architect Ventura Terra, between Portuguese traditionalism and French cosmopolitanism. Both competed in an open competition for the projection of the Portuguese pavilion for the Paris International Exhibition of the same year, with Ventura Terra winning the opportunity. However, his mark would be visible throughout the hole Portuguese territory. He designed a set of houses in Estoril between 1901 and 1906, the Manor of Patudos in 1904, the House of Cipreste in Sintra in 1912, the Tivoli Cinema in Lisbon in 1925, a villa on Rua Castilho that earned him the Valmor Prize in 1930, and the pavilion of Brazil in the Portuguese World Exhibition of 1940. It is also worth mentioning his works of restoration, especially in Palaces such as Sintra and Queluz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He also held important positions, in 1932 he became a founding member of the Academia de Bela Artes, whose presidency took over in 1967. He was also director of the National Monuments in 1949. In addition to the Valmor prize he received other decorations such as Commander of the Military Order of Christ, on March 4, 1941. Raul Lino also has a large collection of published works, such as &lt;em&gt;A Nossa Casa&lt;/em&gt;, from 1918, &lt;em&gt;Casa Portuguesa&lt;/em&gt;, from 1929, &lt;em&gt;Casas Portuguesas&lt;/em&gt;, from 1933, &lt;em&gt;Quatro palavras sobre Urbanizações&lt;/em&gt;, from 1945, &lt;em&gt;Quatro palavras sobre Arquitectura e Música e sobre alguns elementos morfológicos da Arquitectura nas Artes Estáticas&lt;/em&gt;, from 1962. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His existence crossed the most important moments of the whole XX century in Portugal. He lived in two centuries, having reached the age of majority in 1900. At about thirty years he witnessed the implantation of the Portuguese First Republic. From the age of 40, he accompanied the Estado Novo dictatorship, in which he was comfortably inserted, being on several occasions in the service of Salazar’s regime, from his formation as Military Dictatorship, in 1926, until the acclaimed revolution that would put an end to decades of autarchy, the Revolução dos Cravos, in 1974. He died in Lisbon, at the age of ninety-five, that same year, on July 13, 1974.</text>
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              <text>Mascaro, L. and Bortolucci, M. and Lourenço, J. (2009). Raúl Lino, Uma leitura dos projetos das "Casas Portuguesas", &lt;em&gt;Oculum Ensaios 09_10&lt;/em&gt;, pp. 52-65.</text>
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              <text>SOEIRO, J. (2012). &lt;em&gt;Espírito na Arquitectura, O pensamento arquitectónico em Raúl Lino e Lucio Costa&lt;/em&gt;. Master Thesis. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Francisco Caetano Keil Coelho do Amaral&amp;nbsp;was born on April 28, 1910, in Lisbon. He was the son of Francisco Coelho do Amaral dos Reis, 1st Viscount of Pedralva, and Guida Maria Josefina Cinatti Keil. Francisco came from a family of artists, with Alfredo Keil and Giuseppe Cinatti as his ancestors. He grew up in Canas de Senhorim, in the district of Viseu. He went to Luanda in 1920, since his father was Governor-General of Angola. He returned to Portugal in 1921 and joined the Gil Vicente High School. In 1928 he began to attend the Architecture degree of the Escola de Belas Artes School, in Lisboa. However, his experience at this school is not the best one. In the first year of his degree he received a disciplinary proceeding resulting from a conflict with Arnaldo Adães Bermudes, professor of Belas Artes. He was forced to finish the degree as an external student, which he ended in 1934. It was in this context that he began working in the atelier of Carlos Ramos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The beginning of his professional activity is manifested by his participation in the exhibitions of the Sociedade Nacional de Belas Artes in the years of 1932 and 1933, this last year also marks his first project, the Pasteur Institute. In 1936 he won the competition for the Portugal Pavilion in the Paris Universal Fair, remaining in the French capital for a year to supervise the construction of the Pavilion. In 1939 he joined the Lisbon City Hall, together with Inácio Peres and João Guilherme Faria da Costa. Until 1949 they were in charge of the initiatives for a functional expansion of the city. Highlights from this period are his intervention in the reorganization of the capital green spaces, namely the Eduardo VII Park, Campo Grande and Monsanto Park. Also, during the 1940s, the projects of the Lisbon Airport, two theaters, in Mangualde and Nelas, the Bairro Económico de Benfica and several single-family homes stand out. In the 1950s important marks of his career are the buildings for the Portuguese Electricity Union, Luanda and Santa Maria Airports, as well as several TAP delegations spread around the globe, in Porto, Luanda, London, Lourenço Marques, Rio de Janeiro and others, and the first stage of the Metropolitan of Lisbon, which included all the stations inaugurated in 1959. Already in the 1960s he designed, with Carlos Ramos, the Baghdad stadium in Iraq.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keil do Amaral was a very politicized architect in a political context marked by the Estado Novo dictatorship. He published several articles and books, namely &lt;em&gt;A arquitetura e a vida&lt;/em&gt; in 1942, &lt;em&gt;A Moderna Arquitectura Holandesa&lt;/em&gt; in 1943, &lt;em&gt;O Problema da Habitação&lt;/em&gt; in 1945, &lt;em&gt;A formação dos arquitetos&lt;/em&gt; in 1948, &lt;em&gt;Histórias à Margem de um Século de História&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Lisboa, uma Cidade em Transformação&lt;/em&gt; in 1970 and, at last, &lt;em&gt;Quero Entender o Mundo &lt;/em&gt;in 1974. His intervention between 1939 and 1973 in the Municipal Magazine, created by the Lisbon City Hall, was also striking for the architectural environment. He taught in 1943, the subject of Art and Architecture at the Popular University. He participated in the organs of the Sindicato Nacional dos Arquitetos and was one of the most active promoters of the Exposições Gerais de Artes Plásticas, between 1946 and 1956, which marked a cultural dynamic of opposition to the dictatorship. Keil had an important role in the formation of the group of Cultural Initiatives &lt;em&gt;Arte e Técnica&lt;/em&gt; and in the reformulation of the magazine &lt;em&gt;Arquitectura&lt;/em&gt;. He was one of the protagonists of the First Congresso Nacional de Arquitetura in 1948. In that same year he was also elected president of the Sindicato Nacional dos Arquitetos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His activity earned him several awards. The Municipal Architecture Prize of Lisbon in 1951, the Diário de Notícias Prize in 1960 and the Valmor Prize in 1962. On March 4, 1941 he was also made an Officer of the Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada. Shortly before his death, which took place in Lisbon on February 19, 1975, he participated in the urbanization contest for the Island of Porto Santo.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>HENRIQUES, S. (2000). &lt;em&gt;Keil do Amaral, Urbanista, Tradição e Modernidade na sua Obra&lt;/em&gt;. Master Thesis. ISCTE, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.</text>
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                    <text>&lt;em&gt;Den Krümmel kennenlernen, Auf den Spuren Alfred Nobels&lt;/em&gt; (2012). Vierlaender.de, [online]. Available at: https://vierlaender.de/archives/246-Den-Kruemmel-kennenlernen-Auf-den-Spuren-Alfred-Nobels....html&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-color: #ffffff;"&gt;[Accessed 8 Oct. 2019]&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Hermann Distel was born on September 15, 1875, in Weinsberg, Germany. Coming from a conservative family, during his youth and adolescence he developed a taste for arts and carpentry, having worked at the Weinsberg Municipal Building Office and at a studio in Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. During his activity in these workshops he contacted with names such as Carl Schäfer, Josef Durm and Friedrich Ratzel. He then entered the Breslau Academy of Fine Arts, where he attended and graduated architecture. Back in Karlsruhe, he did an internship with Professor Karl Moser. At the same time, he started working at the Freiburg District Building Inspection.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;His professional activity is quite wide, having worked in several cities, namely Zurich, Rheinfelden, Colmar and Berlin. In 1905, he opened a studio in Hamburg, together with August Grubitz. In the 1920s and 1930s their studio was already specialized in hospital unit designs. However, he is the author of numerous other works. From the beginning, its activity was intense, doing also housing, industrial and religious constructions, as well as urban plans. His projects developed a language that gradually and moderately valued functional interiors and adopted a rectilinear slant, experimenting with terraced roofing while employing local materials such as brick. With August Grubitz he designed the &lt;em&gt;Montanhof&lt;/em&gt; building between 1924 and 1926. In Germany he designed the University of Hamburg, the &lt;em&gt;Maria-Hilf&lt;/em&gt; Hospital, the expansion of the &lt;em&gt;Diakonissenkrankenhauses Bethanien&lt;/em&gt; in Hamburg, the &lt;em&gt;Bethesda&lt;/em&gt; café in Berlin, the Free Mason’s Hospital in Hamburg, the Israeli Hospital in also in Hamburg and, in 1940, the &lt;em&gt;Frauenklinik&lt;/em&gt; Hospital, together with the &lt;em&gt;Universitätsklinikum und Medizinische Institute&lt;/em&gt; in Berlin. He also designed his residence in &lt;em&gt;Hamburger Stadtteil Bergedorf&lt;/em&gt;, now a classified heritage.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In 1931, he was president of the Construction Section of the International Hospitals Association. With an established career in the III Reich, he gained recognition as an international hospital architect, publishing theoretical writings and receiving several orders in parallel not only in Germany but also in other countries. In this regard, in 1935, at the Congress of the International Association of Hospitals, he was appointed honorary member of the American Association of Architects, which gave him the visibility that would allow him to design the Hospital Escolar de Lisboa, the Hospital Escolar do Porto and a project for a Large Hospital to be built in Lisbon, in collaboration with his son, Walter Distel. In line with the Estado Novo, the German architect designed two of the works that would represent the most the architecture of this period.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;He wrote several studies, including &lt;em&gt;Rationeller Krankenhaus-Bau&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Ausstellungs-und Kongresshallen in Deutschland&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Rationaller Krankenhaus Bau &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;Architekt Hermann Distel in Arbeitsgemeinschaft mit Architekt A. grubitz einer Einleitung von Carl Anton Piper&lt;/em&gt;. Hermann Distel died on August 15, 1945 in Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>FERREIRA, A. (2015). &lt;em&gt;Arquitectura Hospitalar&lt;/em&gt;. Master Thesis. Faculdade de Arquitetura e Artes da Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa.</text>
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              <text>Arquitecturas da Saúde (2014). &lt;em&gt;Hospital Escolar de Lisboa&lt;/em&gt;. [online] Arquitecturas da Saúde. Available at: http://www.arquitecturasdasaude.pt/santamaria.html [Accessed 12 Sep. 2019].</text>
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