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              <text>José Vitorino Damásio was a military engineer and Portuguese professor. He was born on November 2, 1806, in Santa Maria da Feira. He was the son of José António Damásio and D. Maria Madalena Damásio and married D. Maria Teresa Ripamonte Damásio. At the age of 20, in 1826, he enrolled in the University of Coimbra to study Mathematics and Philosophy. His military career began when he was still studying in college. In 1828 he joined the Academic Volunteers Battalion as a corporal in the Second Company to fight for the liberal cause during the Portuguese Civil War. Following the coup of Belfastada, he exiled himself first in Spain, in Galicia, then in England, in Plymouth, and finally in the Azores, to join D. Pedro. After taking part in the expeditions of the islands of Pico, S. Jorge and S. Miguel, in 1832 he participated as second lieutenant of Artillery in the Landing at Mindelo, being present at the Siege of Porto. It was only when the war ended that Vitorino Damásio returned to the university to complete his studies, which happened in 1837 when he received the bachelor's degree. However, he would return to military life. In 1846 he was promoted to chief of the General Staff, having participated in several missions in the North of Portugal. It was only after the Gramido convention in 1847 that he resigned from the army.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His professional civilian life started as an engineer teacher. Between 1838 and 1851 he taught at the Polytechnic Academy of Porto, where he was responsible for the subjects of Engineering, Stability, Construction of Steam and Hydraulic Machines. In 1842 he took part in the construction works of the Porto suspension bridge, assisting the engineer Bigot in the calculations of resistance and balance. Followed the collaboration with the Companhia das Obras Públicas, having been one of the main engineers responsible for the introduction of the cylinder system designed by the French engineer Antoine-Rémy Polonceau on the road from Alto da Bandeira to Carvalhos, a technique unknown in Portugal. In 1845 he was in charge of studying telegraph systems in France and England to adapt them in Portugal, having subsequently been one of the pioneers of electric telegraphy in the country. After a second trip to these countries in 1854, Vitorino Damásio was appointed first responsible for the General Directorate of Telegraphs of the Kingdom of Portugal. Consequently, in 1865 he represented Portugal at the International Telegraph Conference in Paris. The following year he was the man behind the telegraph network between Porto and Barca d 'Alva. Still in Lisbon, he held the positions of rector of the Industrial Institute between 1853 and 1859 and director of Companhia das Águas in 1868.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the 1850s Vitorino Damásio was appointed to the Central Commission for Weights and Measures, designed to implement the decimal metric system in Portugal and to the Commission charged with overseeing the construction of steam engines. Moreover, it was under his direction that the machine for the first mechanical rope making factory and that the first steam engine was built in the capital of northern Portugal. Two years later, in 1852, he created the program “Aid for wrecked Ships” in the Port of Leixões, a lifeline for ships at risk, assuming the responsibility of first commander. These experiments resulted in his discovery that fibrous iron becomes granular due to an instantaneous explosion, an extraordinary technological revolution. Still in 1852, Vitorino Damásio was appointed a member of the General Council for Public Works and Mines, where he worked for 23 years, from 1853 to 1876, first as a member of that Council and later as a member of the Advisory Board. He also worked in the railways sector. In 1855, he was the commissioner sent by the government of the Duke of Saldanha to the Universal Exposition of Paris, in order to study developments made abroad in this area. He held several positions in this sector, namely Chairman of the Eastern Railway Administration Commission in 1858, Inspector of Public Works and Member of the commission in charge of examining the rolling stock of the Eastern railway in 1861 and also Chairman of the evaluation of the Southeast Railway.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His life was also marked by many other achievements. Vitorino Damásio founded, with Faria Guimarães, the Fundição do Bolhão, introducing the manufacturing industry of enamelled and tin-plated cast iron dishes. In 1848 he was one of the founders of Associação Industrial Portuense and, consequently, of Jornal O Industrial Portuense, a periodical published between 1845 and 1846. He was a member and president of the Association of Portuguese Civil Engineers. He was the author of several articles on the calculation of the strength of metal bridges and on the economic railways. Vitorino Damásio was awarded the degrees of commander in the Military Order of Avis in 1859 and knight in the Military Order of the Tower and Sword for acts of bravery in the Siege of Porto. He was also given the letter from His Majesty's Council for his performance as General Director of Telegraphs. Still, in his honor, the name of Vitorino Damásio was placed at the School of Industrial Design in Torres Novas and in one of the most important squares in the Santos-o-Velho area, in Lisbon. José Vitorino Damásio passed away at the age of 68 in Lisbon, on October 19, 1875.</text>
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              <text>LIMA, A. (2010). "José Vitorino Damásio (1806-1875)". In&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Bicentenário do Corpo Telegráfico 1810-2010&lt;/em&gt;. Lisboa, Comissão da História das Transmissões, pp. 90-96.</text>
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              <text>ALVES, J. (1995).&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;José Vitorino Damásio e a Telegrafia Eléctrica em Portugal&lt;/em&gt;. Lisboa, Fundação das Telecomunicações.</text>
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              <text>ALVES, J. (1996). "O emergir das associações industriais no Porto (meados do século XIX)". In &lt;em&gt;Análise Social&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. XXXI (136-137), pp. 527-544.</text>
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              <text>PAULA Diogo, M., CARDOSO DE MATOS, A. (2009). "Le Rôle des Ingénieurs dans l'Administration Portugaise, 1852-1900". In &lt;em&gt;Quaderns d'Història de l'Enginyeria&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. X, pp. 351-365.</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;ABRAGÃO, F. (1956). No Centenário dos Caminhos de Ferro de Portugal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Nº1645, pp. 265-269.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>LIMA, A. (2010). "José Vitorino Damásio (1806-1875)". In&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Bicentenário do Corpo Telegráfico 1810-2010&lt;/em&gt;. Lisboa, Comissão da História das Transmissões, pp. 90-96.</text>
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                <text>ALVES, J. (1996). "O emergir das associações industriais no Porto (meados do século XIX)". In &lt;em&gt;Análise Social&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. XXXI (136-137), pp. 527-544.</text>
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                <text>PAULA Diogo, M., CARDOSO DE MATOS, A. (2009). "Le Rôle des Ingénieurs dans l'Administration Portugaise, 1852-1900". In &lt;em&gt;Quaderns d'Història de l'Enginyeria&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. X, pp. 351-365.</text>
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                <text>1808-1875, Portugal</text>
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              <text>Nicolas Lecrenier was a French civil engineer involved in the construction of the Railways of Portugal. Little is known about the period he was in Portugal, but he had an important role in the construction company of D. José de Salamanca, having held the position of construction engineer for the East Line. In the early 1860s, he directed the construction of the 4th section of the Northern Line, near Aveiro. However, in 1862 he would be called to Lisbon to take on a very relevant role in the Construction of Railways. He was a reviewer of the project of engineer João Evangelista de Abreu for the Santa Apolónia Railway Station, originally the Caes dos Soldados Station, a project that also had the collaboration of Engineer Angel Arribas Ugarte and, later, the construction done by the company Oppermann. At the end of the 1860s, Lecrenier was part of the committee responsible for studying the connections of the Southern and Southeast Line with the Eastern Line, overseeing himself the section between Estremoz and Elvas. He proposed the construction of 56 kilometers of railways to connect the Ameixal station, near Estremoz, and the Elvas station, connecting the two lines.</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;ABRAGÃO, F. (1856). No Centenário dos Caminhos de Ferro de Portugal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Nº1648, pp. 375-382.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;D'ORNELLAS, C. (1861). Há 50 Anos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Nº1768, pp. 229-230.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>MARQUES GOMES, J. (1861). Noticiário. &lt;em&gt;O Districto de Aveiro&lt;/em&gt;. Primeiro Anno, Nº12.</text>
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              <text>B. Wattier was an influential French engineer in the construction of the first railways in Portugal. He was a professor at the Paris School of Engineering. He arrived in Lisbon in January 1856, after the suspension of works on the East Line, as a result of the conflicts between the Companhia Central Peninsular dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses and the line's contractors. Hired by the Ministry of Public Works, Commerce and Industry, his job would be to direct and study the construction works for the line, particularly the route between Lisbon and Santarém, which he begins on February 7. Wattier goes so far as to say, as the Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro states, that it was his “experience and cooperation” that motivated his hiring. In this role, Wattier had the help of engineers Margiochi and Gromicho Couceiro. He approved the route traced by Joaquim Nunes de Aguiar who defended the passage to the south of Santarém, next to Ponte da Asseca, relegating the crossing of the Tagus River to Constância. The layout of the line after Entroncamento was also designed by Wattier, passing through Coimbra. The decade of the 1850s is visibly influenced by Wattier’s, together with the engineer Thomaz Rumball, main design proposals for the entire eastern and northern lines. Regarding this last line, the French engineer proposed a totally inland route to Estarreja and Ovar and then going along the coast to the northern slope of Serra do Pilar. This position went against the previous proposals of engineer Sousa Brandão.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;ABRAGÃO, F. (1956). No Centenário dos Caminhos de Ferro de Portugal.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;, Nº1639, pp. 172-177.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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              <text>Sebastião do Canto e Castro Mascarenhas was born on June 10, 1821, on board of the ship “Rainha de Portugal”. He was the son of D. Carlota Joaquina Mascarenhas Mancellos Valdez and her husband, Francisco José do Canto and Castro Mascarenhas, an important admiral in the Peninsular War. He married Maria Margarida Stockler Salema Garção, with whom he had a daughter, Maria da Graça do Canto e Castro Mascarenhas. He was an officer in the Portuguese Army, being on of his biggest achievements becoming major in the General Staff Corps. He retired in 1873 in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. In the political sphere he was closely connected to the Reformist Party, having been a prominent member. He held the positions of Minister of Public Works, Commerce and Industry of the 28th government of the Constitutional Monarchy, Civil Governor of the city of Porto, General Administrator of the House of Bragança and the honorary position of Minister of State. However, Sebastião do Canto e Castro Mascarenhas also played an important role in the first years of the Railways in Portugal, having been one of the main fiscal engineers of the railway lines. Throughout his career he always maintained a close connection to the railway sector.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After attending the Military School, which he entered in 1833, he was employed as an engineer in the geodesic works of the Azambuja channels in 1846. He was at the side of the Junta de Santarém in the uprising against the Cabralist government that same year. Following Maria da Fonte's revolution, he joined the Civil War in Patuleia, having been arrested in Lisbon and released at the end of the war. Between 1850 and 1852 he was part of a commission to carry out important works on the Tagus river. From then on, and until 1859, he began to be linked to the railways. He started out as a fiscal engineer on the railroad from Lisbon to Santarém, and later became head of exploration, administrator of the works and member of the administrative commission for the entire Eastern Line. Successively he accumulated the positions of director and inspector of the Northern, Eastern and Southeastern railways. In 1862, he directed the exploration of the Barreiro to Vendas Novas line when the government bought the railroad from the contracting company. In 1864 he was part of a commission that went to London to sell the Southern Railway. He was appointed Director General of Telegraphs in 1867, without releasing his duties as a fiscal engineer for the exploitation of railway lines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A year later he would be relieved of his duties to assume the post of Minister of Public Works, Commerce and Industry in the government of António José de Ávila, following the Janeirinha revolution in 1868. Although he held the position for a short period of time, he took the opportunity to discuss topics such as the reform of the kingdom's telegraphs, simplifying the service and making considerable savings for the state. In 1869 he held the office of the Civil Governor of Porto, a position he would eventually abdicate to become administrator of the house of Bragança. A few years later, as a result of the previous role, he would assume the position of administrator of the royal house. At last, by a decree of November 30, 1864, he was made commander of the Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceição in Vila Viçosa. He was also a member of the Association of Portuguese Civil Engineers. Sebastião do Canto e Castro Mascarenhas died on December 20, 1875.</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;ABRAGÃO, F. (1956). No Centenário dos Caminhos de Ferro de Portugal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Nº1645, pp. 265-269.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;CARDOSO DE MATOS, A. (2009). Asserting the Portuguese Civil Engineering Identity, The Role Played by the École des ponts et chaussées. In CARDOSO DE MATOS, A., PAULA DIOGO, M., GOUZEVITCH, I., GRELON, A. (ed.).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Quest for a Professional Identity, Engineers between Training and Action&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;Lisboa, Colibri, pp. 177-209.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>FERNANDES, T. (2015). &lt;em&gt;The ways behind the railways: Algarve’s railway line. Technique transfers and transport development in Southern Portugal&lt;/em&gt;. Master Thesis. Universidade de Évora.</text>
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              <text>José de Brito Folque was a Portuguese engineer from the 20th century. His activity was always closely linked to the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC). He wrote several publications and articles, which contributed a lot to the academic progress of the construction sector. Noteworthy, “The use of land as a building material” in 1953, written in partnership with Rui José Gomes, “Compaction in earth dams”, written in partnership with Manuel Coelho Mendes da Rocha and Gui Duvale Oliveira de Castro and “Note on requests for buried pipelines: the concrete case of Lisbon ”in 1954, “Earth massifs and their stability” and “Load capacity of soils” in 1955, “Note on the densification of unsaturated land” and “Geotechnical characteristics of alluvial determined in situ” in 1960, “Rheology of unsaturated soils” in 1961 and “Control of compaction” in 1965.</text>
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              <text>"José de Brito Folque". In &lt;em&gt;Catálogo Bibliográfico do Ministério da Economia&lt;/em&gt;, [online]. Available at: http://catalogo.biblioteca.min-economia.pt/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?idx=au&amp;amp;q=Folque%2C%20Jos%C3%A9&amp;amp;offset=20&amp;amp;sort_by=relevance_dsc [Accessed 14 Feb. 2020].</text>
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                <text>"José de Brito Folque". In &lt;em&gt;Catálogo Bibliográfico do Ministério da Economia,&lt;/em&gt; [online]. Available at: http://catalogo.biblioteca.min-economia.pt/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?idx=au&amp;amp;q=Folque%2C%20Jos%C3%A9&amp;amp;offset=20&amp;amp;sort_by=relevance_dsc [Accessed 14 Feb. 2020].</text>
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                    <text>"Abrantinos do 28 de maio". In&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cidadãos por Abrantes&lt;/em&gt;, [online]. Available at: https://porabrantes.blogs.sapo.pt/abrantinos-do-28-de-maio-1854907 [Accessed 04 Mar. 2020].</text>
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              <text>António Manuel Santiago Barjona de Freitas Weinholtz de Bívar was born in Lisbon on June 11, 1906. He was the son of Jerónimo Paulo de Almeida Coelho Weinholtz de Bivar and Ema Augusta Santiago Barjona de Freitas. He married Maria Emília Pinto de Sousa Vahia Neves. He was an engineer specialized in artistic packaging. He graduated in engineering from Instituto Superior Técnico. Later, he specialized in “Radiotelephony” in New York. He joined the staff of the General Administration of Posts and Telegraphs in 1933, having closely watched the birth of the Emissora Nacional, whose function was to supervise. In 1934 he was promoted to deputy of the Direction of the Radioelectric Services, assuming in April of 1935 the direction itself. At the inauguration of Rádio Pública, he served as technical director, having subsequently been president between 1974 and 1975. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His presence is visible in several emblematic works in the city of Lisbon. Among which, the Estufa Fria, the Teatro-Cinema Condes in 1952, the Naval School Party Room, the Monumental Theater, the Ala Magna of the University City of Lisbon in 1961, the Great Hall of the Estoril Casino in 1966 and, finally, the National Theater D. Maria II, destroyed by the fire of December 1964 and reopened in 1978. His role in these works mainly concern his specialization in artistic conditioning of the different spaces. In addition to representing Portugal in the most important international broadcasting congresses, he joined, in 1950, the Television Study Group that planned the technical implementation of Television in Portugal. He also coordinated several study teams for the expansion of broadcasting in Angola and Mozambique. He was also a member of the General Committee of the Portuguese World Exhibition of 1940, specifically the Technical Commissioner's Office, together with Mário da Fonseca, Paulo de Almeida Freitas, Cornélio Fogaça Guimarães, João Maria Barreto Ferreira do Amaral, João de Mendes Leal, Fernando Samora da Cunha de Eça and Alfredo de Almeida Carvalho. António Manuel Santiago Barjona de Freitas Weinholtz de Bívar died in 1993.</text>
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              <text>MOREIRA, P. (2012). "&lt;em&gt;Cantanto espalharei por toda a parte", Programação, produção musical e "aportuguesamento” da “música ligeira” na Emissora Nacional de Radiodifusão (1934-1949)&lt;/em&gt;. Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Musicais. Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa.</text>
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                <text>MOREIRA, P. (2012). &lt;em&gt;"Cantanto espalharei por toda a parte", Programação, produção musical e "aportuguesamento” da “música ligeira” na Emissora Nacional de Radiodifusão (1934-1949)&lt;/em&gt;. Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Musicais. Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa.</text>
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